Uyini Umshini we-CNC?
A Umshini we-CNC iyithuluzi lomshini wokulawula izinombolo elinesici esingeziwe sekhompiyutha esebhodini. Ikhompyutha ibizwa ngokuthi iyunithi yokulawula umshini (MCU). Idatha yezinombolo edingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ingxenye inikezwa umshini ngendlela yohlelo. Uhlelo luhunyushelwa kumasignali kagesi afanelekile ukuze kufakwe amamotho asebenzisa umshini.
Umbhede wefreyimu yomshini uyisakhiwo somshini womshini we-CNC, futhi uhlanganiswe nesistimu yokushayela eyinhloko, isistimu ye-feed drive, umbhede, ibhentshi lokusebenzela kanye nemishini yokunyakaza eyisizayo, amasistimu we-hydraulic kanye ne-pneumatic, amasistimu okugcoba, amadivaysi okupholisa, ukususwa kwe-chip, izinhlelo zokuvikela nezinye izingxenye. Kodwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokulawula izinombolo futhi kunikeze ukudlala okugcwele ekusebenzeni kwethuluzi lomshini, kube nezinguquko ezinkulu ekuhlelekeni okuphelele, ukubukeka, ukwakheka kwesistimu yokudlulisa, uhlelo lwamathuluzi nokusebenza kokusebenza. Izingxenye zomshini zemishini ye-CNC zifaka umbhede, ibhokisi, ikholomu, isitimela esiqondisayo, ithebula lokusebenza, i-spindle, indlela yokuphakelayo, indlela yokushintshanisa amathuluzi.
Usebenza Kanjani Umshini We-CNC?
Imishini ye-CNC isebenzisa amakhompyutha ukubona ubuchwepheshe bokulawula uhlelo lwedijithali. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa ikhompuyutha ukwenza umsebenzi wokulawula umqondo olandelanayo wethrekhi yokunyakaza yedivayisi kanye nokusebenza kwama-peripherals ngokuya ngohlelo lokulawula olugcinwe kusengaphambili. Njengoba ikhompuyutha isetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni sedivayisi yokulawula izinombolo yasekuqaleni eyakhiwe amasekhethi e-hardware logic, ukugcinwa, ukucubungula, ukubala, ukwahlulela okunengqondo kanye neminye imisebenzi yokulawula yemiyalelo yokusebenza kokufaka kungenziwa ngesofthiwe yekhompyutha, kanye nemiyalo emincane ekhiqizwa ukucubungula ingadluliselwa. Shayela i-motor noma i-hydraulic actuators kudivayisi ye-servo drive ukushayela umshini we-CNC ukuze usebenze.
Ukuze usebenzise umshini we-CNC, ungadlula ezinyathelweni ezilandelayo:
Isinyathelo 1. Ngokusho komdwebo kanye nohlelo lwenqubo yengxenye eyenziwe ngomshini, sebenzisa ikhodi eshiwo kanye nefomethi yohlelo ukuze uhlele indlela yokuhamba yethuluzi, inqubo yokucubungula, imingcele yenqubo, kanye nenani lokusika efomini lemiyalelo elingaqashelwa uhlelo lwe-CNC, okungukuthi, ukubhala uhlelo lokucubungula.
Isinyathelo 2. Faka uhlelo lokucubungula oluhleliwe kudivayisi ye-CNC.
Isinyathelo sesi-3. Idivayisi ye-CNC inquma futhi icubungule uhlelo lokufaka (ikhodi), futhi ithumela amasiginali okulawula ahambisanayo kudivayisi ye-servo drive kanye nensiza yokulawula idivayisi ye-eksisi yokuxhumanisa ngayinye ukulawula ukunyakaza kwengxenye ngayinye yethuluzi lomshini.
Isinyathelo 4. Enqubweni yokunyakaza, uhlelo lwe-CNC ludinga ukuthola indawo ye-axis yokuxhumanisa yomshini we-CNC, isimo sokushintshwa kohambo, njll. nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, futhi iqhathanise nezidingo zohlelo ukuze kunqunywe isenzo esilandelayo kuze kube yilapho ingxenye efanelekayo isicutshungulwa.
Isinyathelo sesi-5. Umsebenzisi angabheka futhi ahlole izimo zokucubungula kanye nesimo sokusebenza somshini we-CNC nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Uma kunesidingo, kuyadingeka ukulungisa isenzo somshini we-CNC nohlelo lokucubungula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile nokuthembekile kwethuluzi lomshini.
I-Cartesian Coordinate System
Cishe yonke into engakhiqizwa ethuluzini lomshini elivamile ingakhiqizwa emshinini wokulawula izinombolo zekhompiyutha, nezinzuzo zayo eziningi. Ukunyakaza kwethuluzi lomshini elisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni umkhiqizo kuyizinhlobo ezi-2 eziyisisekelo: iphoyinti-kuya-iphuzu (ukunyakaza komugqa oqondile) nendlela eqhubekayo (ukunyakaza kwekhonta).
Uhlelo lwe-Cartesian, noma oluyindilinga, oluhlanganisayo lwaklanywa yisazi sezibalo saseFrance kanye nesazi sefilosofi uRene' Descartes. Ngalesi simiso, noma yiliphi iphuzu elithile lingachazwa ngokwezibalo kusuka kunoma yiliphi elinye iphuzu elihambisana ne-axis ezintathu eziqondile. Lo mqondo ufanelana kahle namathuluzi omshini njengoba ukwakhiwa kwawo ngokuvamile kusekelwe ku-axis ezintathu zokunyakaza (X, Y, Z) kanye ne-axis yokujikeleza. Emshinini wokugaya oqondile oqondile, i-axis X iwukunyakaza okuvundlile (kwesokudla noma kwesobunxele) kwetafula, i-axis Y iwukunyakaza kwetafula okuwela (kuya noma kude nekholomu), kanti i-axis Z iwukunyakaza okuqondile kwedolo noma i-spindle. Izinhlelo ze-CNC zithembele kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezixhumanisi eziwundilinga ngoba umhleli wezinhlelo angathola iphuzu ngalinye emsebenzini ngokunembile. Lapho amaphuzu etholakala endaweni yokusebenza, kusetshenziswa imigqa emibili eqondile ehlanganayo, eyodwa eqondile kanye neyodwa evundlile. Le migqa kumele ibe sema-engeli angakwesokudla komunye nomunye, futhi iphuzu lapho iwela khona libizwa ngokuthi imvelaphi, noma iphuzu elingu-zero (Isithombe 1)
Umdwebo 1 Imigqa ephambanayo yakha ama-engeli angakwesokudla bese isungula iphuzu elinguziro.
Umdwebo 2 Izindiza zokuxhumanisa ezinobukhulu obu-3 (i-eksisi) ezisetshenziswa ku-CNC.
Izindiza ezididiyelwe ezinezinhlangothi ezi-3 ziboniswa ku-Fig. 2. Izindiza ze-X kanye ne-Y (i-eksisi) zivundlile futhi zimelela ukunyakaza kwetafula lomshini ovundlile. Indiza engu-Z noma i-eksisi imelela ukunyakaza kwethuluzi okume mpo. Izimpawu zokuhlanganisa (+) kanye nokususa (-) zibonisa isiqondiso ukusuka endaweni eyiziro (imvelaphi) eduze kwe-eksisi yokunyakaza. Amaquadranti angu-4 akhiwe lapho isiphambano se-XY axis sibalwa ngendlela ephikisana newashi (Fig. 3). Zonke izikhundla ezitholakala kuquadrant 1 zizoba zinhle (X+) futhi zibe phozithivu (Y+). Kuquadrant yesi-2, zonke izikhundla zizoba ngu-X (X-) ezinegethivu futhi zibe phozithivu (Y+). Kuquadrant yesi-3, zonke izindawo zizoba negethivu X (X-) futhi zibe negethivu (Y-). Kuquadrant yesi-4, zonke izindawo zizoba phozithivu X (X+) kanye negethivu Y (Y-).
Umdwebo 3 Amaquadranti akheka lapho isiphambano se-eksisi u-X kanye no-Y sisetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe amaphuzu ngokunembile ukusuka kuziro X/Y, noma indawo yomsuka.
Ku-Fig. 3, iphoyinti A lizoba amayunithi angu-2 kwesokudla se-eksisi ye-Y namayunithi angu-2 ngaphezu kwe-eksisi engu-X. Cabanga ukuthi iyunithi ngayinye ilingana ne-1.000. Indawo yephoyinti A izoba ngu-X + 2.000 kanye no-Y + 2.000. Ephuzwini B, indawo izoba ngu-X + 1.000 kanye no-Y - 2.000. Kuhlelo lwe-CNC akudingekile ukukhombisa amanani wokuhlanganisa (+) njengoba kucatshangwa. Nokho, amanani okukhipha (-) kufanele akhonjiswe. Isibonelo, izindawo zazo zombili u-A no-B zizokhonjiswa kanjena:
A X2.000 Y2.000
B X1.000 Y-2.000
Isistimu yekhompyutha ixhunywe emshinini ohlanganisa izinzwa namadrayivu kagesi. Uhlelo lulawula ukunyakaza kwe-eksisi yomshini.
Yiziphi Izinhlobo Ezivame Kakhulu Zemishini Ye-CNC?
Amathuluzi omshini wangaphambili aklanywe ngendlela yokuthi u-opharetha ame phambi komshini ngenkathi esebenzisa izilawuli. Lo mklamo awusadingeki, ngoba ku-CNC opharetha akasakwazi ukulawula ukunyakaza kwethuluzi lomshini. Kumathuluzi omshini ajwayelekile, cishe amaphesenti angama-20 kuphela esikhathi achithwa kususwa izinto. Ngokungezwa kwezilawuli ze-elekthronikhi, isikhathi sangempela esichithwe kususwa insimbi sikhuphuke safinyelela kumaphesenti angama-80 nangaphezulu. Iphinde yanciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo ukuletha ithuluzi lokusika endaweni ngayinye yomshini.
Kunezinhlobo eziyi-10 ezivame kakhulu zemishini ye-CNC ekhona ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene.
1. Imishini Yokugaya ye-CNC (Imishini ye-CNC)
2. Imishini Yerutha ye-CNC (I-CNC Routers)
3. Imishini ye-CNC Laser (Abasiki be-Laser, abaqophi be-Laser, abashiseli be-Laser)
4. CNC Lathe Machines (I-CNC Lathes)
5. Imishini Yokubhoboza i-CNC (CNC Drills)
6. CNC Boring Machines
7. Imishini Yokugaya i-CNC (CNC Grinders)
8. Imishini yokukhipha ugesi (EDM)
9. CNC Plasma Cutting Machines (I-CNC Plasma Cutters)
10. 3D Printers
