Idizayini Yesakhiwo Solayini Wokukhiqiza Ifenisha Onezindlela Ezisemthethweni

UKUQALA

Leli phepha lihlola ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene ze-heuristic inkinga yesakhiwo sangempela senkampani ekhiqiza ifenisha. Wonke amamodeli aqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa i-AHP, lapho kusetshenziswa inani lemingcele yenzuzo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izindlela zokumodela zesakhiwo ezisemthethweni zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo izinkinga zangempela ezibhekene nemboni, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu.

1. ISINGENISO

Imboni yefenisha ibhekene nenkathi yokuncintisana kakhulu njengabanye abaningi, ngaleyo ndlela ilwela kanzima ukuthola izindlela zokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi njll. Njengengxenye yohlelo lokuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza enkampanini ekhiqizayo ebizwa ngokuthi (Inkampani = TC) senze iphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa ukwakheka komugqa wokukhiqiza endaweni yesitolo sale nkampani sihlose ukunqoba izinkinga zamanje ezibangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwesakhiwo. Kunqunywe ukuthi kusetshenziswe izindlela eziningi zokumodela zesakhiwo ukuze kukhiqizwe isakhiwo esiseduze esisuselwe ezindleleni ezisemthethweni ezingavamile ukusetshenziswa ekusebenzeni. Izindlela zokumodela ezisetshenzisiwe yi-Graph Theory, i-Bloc Plan, i-CRAFT, i-Optimum Sequence kanye ne-Genetic Algorithm. Lezi zakhiwo zabe sezihlolwa futhi zaqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa imibandela engu-3 okuyiTotal Area, Flow * Dist kanye ne-Adjacency Percentage. Indawo Ephelele isho indawo esetshenziswa umugqa wokukhiqiza wemodeli ngayinye ethuthukisiwe. Ukugeleza * I-Dist ibala isamba semikhiqizo yokugeleza kanye nebanga phakathi kwazo zonke izindawo ezingu-2. I-Adjacency Percentage ibala iphesenti lezindawo ezihlangabezana nemfuneko yokuba eduze.

Ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo esihle kakhulu kwenziwa futhi ngokusemthethweni kusetshenziswaimibandela eminingiindlela yokwenza izinqumo i-AHP (Satty, 1980) isebenzisa isofthiwe ye-Expert Choice. Isakhiwo esihle kakhulu siqhathaniswe nesakhiwo esikhona ukukhombisa ukuthuthukiswa okutholwe izindlela ezisemthethweni zokwakheka kwesakhiwo.

Incazelo yenkinga yesakhiwo sesitshalo ukuthola ukuhlelwa okungcono kakhulu kwezinsiza ezibonakalayo ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukusebenza kahle (Hassan and Hogg, 1991). Isakhiwo sithinta izindleko zokuphatha impahla, isikhathi sokuhola kanye nokuphuma. Ngakho-ke kuthinta ukukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesitshalo. NgokukaTompkins noWhite (1984) ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo bekukhona kuwo wonke umlando orekhodiwe futhi ngempela izakhiwo zedolobha ezaklanywa futhi zakhiwa zichazwe emandulo.

* Umbhali Ohambelanayo

umlando weGrisi noMbuso WaseRoma. Phakathi kwabokuqala abafunde le nkinga kukhona u-Armour noBuffa nabanye (1964). Kubonakala sengathi kuncane okushicilelwe ngawo-1950. UFrancis noWhite (1974) babe ngabokuqala abaqoqa futhi babuyekeza ucwaningo lokuqala kule ndawo. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubuyekezwe yizifundo ezimbili, owokuqala nguDomschke noDrexl (1985) kanye nowesibili nguFrancis nabanye (1992). UHassan noHogg (1991) babike ucwaningo olubanzi ngohlobo lwedatha edingekayo enkingeni yokwakheka komshini. Idatha yokwakheka komshini icatshangelwa ngokwezinga; kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka kuklanywe ngokuningiliziwe kangakanani. Lapho ukwakheka okudingekayo kuwukuthola ukuhlelwa okuhlobene kwemishini kuphela, idatha emele inombolo yomshini kanye nobudlelwano bayo bokugeleza yanele. Kodwa-ke, uma kudingeka ukwakheka okuningiliziwe, kudingeka idatha eyengeziwe. Ekutholeni idatha kungase kuvele ubunzima ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintsha zokukhiqiza lapho idatha ingakatholakali khona. Uma ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zesimanje nezizenzakalelayo, idatha edingekayo ayikwazi ukutholakala kudatha yomlando noma ezikhungweni ezifanayo ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi azikho. Ukumodela kwezibalo kuye kwaphakanyiswa njengendlela yokuthola ikhambi elifanele lenkinga yokwakheka kwezakhiwo. Kusukela kumodeli yokuqala yezibalo eyathuthukiswa nguKoopmans noBeckmann (1957) njengenkinga yokwabiwa kwezindawo ezine-quadratic, intshisekelo kule ndawo idonsele ukukhula okukhulu. Lokhu kwavula insimu entsha nethakazelisayo kumcwaningi. Ekufuneni ikhambi lenkinga yokwakheka kwezakhiwo, abacwaningi baziqalela ukuthuthukisa amamodeli ezibalo. UHoushyar noWhite (1993) babheke inkinga yokwakheka njenge-i-integer-programmingimodeli ngenkathi u-Rosenblatt (1986) enza inkinga yesakhiwo njengemodeli yokuhlela enamandla. Palekar et al. (1992) ukhuluma ngokungaqiniseki kanti uShang (1993) usebenzisa aimibandela eminingisondela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uLeung (1992) wethula i-graph theory formulation.

Okuluhlaza futhiAl-Hakim(1985) wasebenzisa i-GA ukuthola ingxenye yomndeni kanye nesakhiwo phakathi kwamaseli. Ekwakhekeni kwakhe, ukhawule ukuhlelwa kweseli njengomugqa owodwa noma umugqa okabili womugqa. I-algorithm ethuthukisiwe ibheke kakhulu ekuhlelweni kwesistimu yamaseli, noma ukwakheka kwephansi lokukhiqiza, kunesakhiwo seseli, noma ukwakheka komshini. Isakhiwo sangempela semishini ngaphakathi kwamaseli asizange sicatshangelwe. U-Banerjee no-Zhou (1995) bakha inkinga yokuklama izakhiwo ze-iluphu eyodwaisakhiwo kusetshenziswa ama-algorithms wofuzo. I-algorithm ethuthukisiwe ingeyesakhiwo sezinhlelo zamaseli ngakho-ke ayicabangi ukwakheka kwemishini ngaphakathi kweseli. U-Fu kanye no-Kaku (1997) bethule ukwakheka kwenkinga yesakhiwo sezitshalo ohlelweni lokukhiqiza izitolo zemisebenzi lapho inhloso kuwukunciphisa isilinganiso sokuSebenza Kwenqubo. Benza isitshalo njengenethiwekhi evulekile yomugqa ngaphansi kwesethi yokuqagela. Inkinga yehlela ku-Queuing Assignment Problem (QAP). Ukulingisa kusetshenziswe ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko Zokuphatha Izinto ezimaphakathi kanye nokunciphisa Umsebenzi Omaphakathi Enqubweni.

2. IZINDLELA ZOKUBONISA

Amamodeli ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngemvelo yawo, ukuqagela kanye nezinjongo. Indlela yokuqala yokuhlela ye-Systemmatic Layout Planning, eyasungulwa ngu-Muthor (1), isewuhlelo oluwusizo ikakhulukazi uma isekelwa ezinye izindlela futhi isizwa yikhompyutha. Izindlela zokwakha, u-Hassan noHogg (1955) ngokwesibonelo, bakha isakhiwo kusukela ekuqaleni kuyilapho Izindlela Zokuthuthukisa, uBozer, uMeller no-Erlebacher (1991) isibonelo, bezama ukulungisa isakhiwo esikhona ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono. Ukuthuthukisa izindlela kanye ne-heuristics yokuhlelwa kwayo kubhalwe kahle nguHeragu (1994).De-Alvarengakanye noGomes (2000) baxoxa ai-meta-heuristicindlela yokunqoba i-NP-imvelo eqinile yamamodeli alungile.

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokumodela ezisetshenziswe kulo msebenzi ziyi-Graph Theory, i-CRAFT, i-Optimum Sequence, i-BLOCPLAN kanye ne-Genetic Algorithm. Okuchazwe ngezansi amapharamitha adingwa i-algorithm ngayinye ukuze kwenziwe imodeli efanayo.

I-Graph Theory

Ithiyori yegrafu (uFolds noRobinson, 1976; uGiffin et al., 1984; uKim noKim, 1985; kanye noLeung, 1992)umphetho–isisindoubuningi begrafu epulaniwe lapho ama-vertices (V) emelela izinsiza kanye nonqenqema (E) amele izindawo eziseduze futhi u-Kn ubonisa igrafu ephelele ye-n Vertices. Njengoba kunikezwe igrafu enesisindo G, inkinga yesakhiwo sendawo ukuthola isipana esinesisindo esiphezuluigrafu encaneU-G' ka-G oqondile.

Leli phepha lisebenzisa izinhlobo ezi-2 ezihlukene zezindlela zokumodela isifundo secala. Indlela yoku-1 yileI-Delta-hedronIndlela kaFulds noRobinson (1976). Indlela ihilela ukufakwa okulula nge-K4 yokuqala, bese kuthi ama-vertices ashuthekwe ngayinye ngayinye ngokwemibandela yokuhlomula. Indlela yesi-2 esetshenzisiwe i-algorithm yokwandisa isondo (Green andAl-Hakim,1985). Lapha i-K4 yokuqala itholakala ngokukhetha umphetho one-w8 ephezulu bese usebenzisa ukufakwa kwe-vertex oku-2 okulandelanayo ngokwemibandela yokuhlomula. I-algorithm ibe isiqhubeka nenqubo yokufaka, ebizwa ngokuthi inqubo yokwandisa isondo. Isondo ku-n vertices lichazwa njengomjikelezo on(n-1)ama-vertices (abizwa ngokuthi unqenqema), kangangokuthi i-vertex ngayinye iseduze ne-vertex eyodwa eyengeziwe (ebizwa ngokuthi ihabhu). I-W mayibe yisondo elinehabhu x. Khetha ama-vertices angu-2 k no-l, okungamarimu alo mjikelezo. I-vertexy esuka kusethi yama-vertices angasetshenzisiwe ibe isifakwa kuleli sondo engxenyeni yamanje.igrafu encanekangangokuthi u-y uyihabhu lesondo elisha elithi W′ eliqukethe u-k, l kanye no-x njengamarimu alo, futhi wonke amarimu ku-W manje aseduze ne-vertex x noma i-vertex y. Ngokufaka i-vertex ngayinye engasetshenziswanga ngokulandelana ngale ndlela engenhla, kutholwa igrafu encane yokugcina ewuchungechunge.

Ukusebenzisa i-CRAFT

I-CRAFT (I-Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique) isebenzisa ukushintshisana okubili okuhlakaniphile ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo (Buffa et al., 1964; Hicks and Lowan, 1976). I-CRAFT ayihloli konke ukushintshanisa okungaba khona okuhlakaniphile ngaphambi kokukhiqiza isakhiwo esithuthukisiwe. Idatha yokufaka ihlanganisa ubukhulu besakhiwo nezinsiza, ukuhamba kwempahla noma imvamisa yohambo phakathi kwamapheya esikhungo kanye nezindleko zomthwalo weyunithi ngayinye ngebanga leyunithi. Umkhiqizo wokugeleza (f) nebanga (d) uhlinzeka ngezindleko zezinto ezihambayo phakathi kwezinsiza ezi-2. Ukwehliswa kwezindleko bese kubalwa ngokusekelwe emnikelweni wezindleko zokuphatha izinto zangaphambi nangemuva.

Ukulandelana Okungcono Kakhulu

Indlela yesixazululo iqala ngesakhiwo esilandelanayo esingenasizathu futhi sizama ukusithuthukisa ngokushintsha iminyango emi-2 ngokulandelana (Heragu, 1997). Esinyathelweni ngasinye, indlela ibala ukugeleza* kwebanga lokushintsha kukho konke ukushintsha okungenzeka kweminyango emi-2 bese ikhetha ipheya esebenza kahle kakhulu. Iminyango emi-2 iyashintshwa futhi indlela iyaphinda. Inqubo iyama lapho kungekho shintsho oluholela ezindlekweni ezincishisiwe. Okokufaka okudingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe isakhiwo kusetshenziswa Ukulandelana Okuhle ngokuyinhloko ubukhulu besakhiwo nezinsiza, ukuhamba kwempahla noma imvamisa yohambo phakathi kwamapheya esikhungo kanye nezindleko ngomthwalo weyunithi ngayinye ngebanga leyunithi.

Ukusebenzisa i-BLOCPLAN

I-BLOCPLAN wuhlelo olusebenzisanayo olusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwesitezi esisodwa nesiningi (Okuluhlaza kanye Al-Hakim,1985). Iwuhlelo olulula olukhiqiza izakhiwo ezinhle zokuqala ngenxa yokuguquguquka okusekelwe kuzinketho ezimbalwa ezishumekiwe. Isebenzisa kokubili idatha yobuningi nekhwalithi ukuze

khiqiza izakhiwo zebhulokhi eziningana kanye nesilinganiso sazo sokufaneleka. Umsebenzisi angakhetha izixazululo ezihambisanayo ngokuya ngezimo.

I-Genetic Algorithm

Kunezindlela eziningi zokwenza izinsiza Izinkinga zesakhiwo ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms ofuzo(GA).U-Banerjee, u-Zhou, no-Montreuil(1997) basebenzise i-GA kusakhiwo seseli. Le ndlela kamuva yasetshenziswa ababhali abaningi okuhlanganisa u-Tam no-Chan (1) abayisebenzisela ukuxazulula inkinga yesakhiwo sendawo engalingani nezingqinamba zejometri. I-algorithm ye-GA esetshenziswe kulo msebenzi yathuthukiswa ngu-Shayan no-Chittilappilli (1982) ngokusekelwe ekusikeni kwezakhiwo zezihlahla (STC). Ikhodi ukwakheka kwekhandidethi elihlelekile lesihlahla libe yisakhiwo esikhethekile sama-chromosome anobukhulu obu-1995 esibonisa indawo ehlobene yesikhungo ngasinye esihlahleni sokusika. Izikimu ezikhethekile ziyatholakala ukuze zisebenzise i-chromosome ekusebenzeni kwe-GA (Tam and Li, 2004). Umsebenzi omusha "wokuhlanganisa" wethulwa eShayan naseAl-Hakim(1999). Isixazululo esikhethiwe nge-GA sibe sesiguqulelwa kusakhiwo sokusika. Iqala ngebhulokhi yokuqala equkethe zonke izinsiza. Njengoba isakhiwo sokwakha i-algorithm siqhubeka, ukuhlukaniswa okusha kuyenziwa futhi izikhungo zibekwa phakathi kwamabhulokhi asanda kukhiqizwa, kuze kube yilapho kukhona indawo eyodwa kuphela kubhulokhi ngayinye. Okwamanje izixhumanisi zesikhungo ngasinye nazo zibaliwe. Ibanga le-rectilinear phakathi kwama-centroids ezindawo lisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwekhromozomu efanele. Lapho i-GA iphela, inqubo yokudweba ithatha indawo yokuphrinta isakhiwo kusetshenziswa amanani agciniwe wezixhumanisi. Umsebenzi wenhloso unesikhathi sokujeziswa ukugwema izingcezu eziwumngcingo.

3. UKULINGWA NGOKUCWANINGWA KWESIMO

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kwezindlela ezichazwe ngaphambili, zonke zisetshenziswe esimweni sangempela sokwenza ifenisha. Inkampani ikhiqiza izinhlobo eziyisi-9 zezihlalo, izihlalo ezi-2 kanye3-Izihlalongokulandelana. Ukukhiqizwa kwazo zonke izitayela kulandela isethi efanayo yokusebenza kodwa kubandakanya izinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlukene. Izingxenye ezi-5 okungukuthi ama-Seat cushions, ama-Back cushions, i-Arms Seats kanye nama-Backs akhiqizwa ngaphakathi ngamaqoqo anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ezindaweni ezihlakazekile (iminyango). Ukunyakaza kwezingxenye kudala izinkinga ezifana nomsebenzi oqhubekayo, izingxenye ezingekho, ukushoda, ukuminyana nokubeka okungalungile.

Umkhiqizo ngamunye wenza imisebenzi engu-11 eqala Esikhungweni 1 - Indawo Yokusika futhi iphele Esikhungweni 11- Indawo Yokukhuphuka. Umhlangano wokugcina ngamunye ungahlukaniswa ube amagatsha aqanjwe ngendlela efanayo. Lezi zingqungquthela zihlangana eBolt-PhezuluIndawo yokuhlanganisa okokugcina. I-subassemblies ngayinye iqala ukusebenza kwayo ngokuzimela futhi zonke zihamba ngesethi engaguquki yemisebenzi ekhonjiswe ngendlela yeshadi lomhlangano ku-Fig 1. Izakhiwo zesakhiwo samanje azibekwe ngokuvumelana nokulandelana kwemisebenzi.

Ngenxa yalokhu akukho ukugeleza okulandelanayo kwezinto, okwenza kube nomsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezikhungo kunganqunywa kusetshenziswa izinyathelo ezizimele kanye nezinjongo. Okokufaka okuyinhloko okudingekayo kumashadi agelezayo yisidingo, inani lezinto ezikhiqizwayo kanye nenani lempahla egeleza phakathi komshini ngamunye. Ukugeleza kwempahla kubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini lokugeleza kwezinto ezihambayo ezinyangeni eziyi-10 * Iyunithi yesilinganiso ekhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 2. Umfanekiso 3 ubonisa indawo yomnyango ngamunye esetshenziswe esifundweni sesifundo. Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa isakhiwo samanje se-Case Study.

Umfanekiso 1 Ishadi Lomhlangano wesifundo esiyisibonelo

Umfanekiso 2 Ukugeleza kwezinto zocwaningo.

Umfanekiso 3 Inombolo ehambelana nomnyango

Umfanekiso 4 Isakhiwo samanje senkampani yefenisha kanye nobukhulu bomnyango ngamunye obusetshenziswa ekufanisweni kwesifundo sendaba.

4. UKUSEBENZA KWEZINDLELA ZOKUBONISA

Lapha izindlela ezehlukene zokumodela okuxoxwe ngazo esigabeni 2 zisetshenziswa endabeni yocwaningo ukuze kukhiqizwe ezinye izakhiwo zokuqhathanisa.

4.1 Ukusebenzisa ithiyori yegrafu

Ithebula 1 likhombisa ukuqhathaniswa kwemiphumela kusetshenziswa izindlela ezi-2 ezihlukene zeTheory yeGrafu okungukuthi indlela ye-Fulds kanye ne-Robinsons kanye nendlela yamasondo nama-Rims. Ithebula 1 libonisa ngokusobala ukuthi indlela ye-Fulds kanye ne-Robinsons ingcono emiphumeleni emi-2. Imiphumela yendlela ye-Fulds kanye ne-Robinsons ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ku-Figures5-7.

Ithebula 1: Ithebula elibonisa ukuqhathaniswa kwezindlela ezi-2 ezihlukene zethiyori yegrafu esetshenzisiwe.

Umfanekiso 5 Igrafu yokusondelana yemiphumela yocwaningo lwendaba kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Fulds kanye ne-Robinson.

Umfanekiso 6 Isakhiwo esithuthukisiwe ngemva kokusebenzisa ithiyori yegrafu (indlela ye-Foulds kanye ne-Robinsons)

1-Ukusika,2- Ukuthunga, 3- Gcwalisa i-Calico, 4- Vala phezulu, 5 - Gcwalisa umcamelo, 6- Ukusika amagwebu, ukusika amagwebu, i-7- Ukuhlanganisa uhlaka, 8- Ukunamathela,9-IntwasahloboPhezulu,10-Upholstery,11- Bolt Up.

Umfanekiso wesi-7 Ukugeleza * Ishadi lokuhlola ibanga lesifundo sendaba kusetshenziswa ithiyori yegrafu (indlela ye-Foulds kanye ne-Robinsons)

4.2 Ukusebenzisa i-CRAFT

Idatha yokufaka ye-CRAFT ifakiwe futhi izindleko zokuqala zesakhiwo samanje zibalwa okokuqala. Lezi zindleko zingancishiswa ngokusebenzisa isiqhathaniso esihlakaniphile njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.

Umfanekiso 8 Izindleko zokuqala zesakhiwo samanje kusetshenziswa i-CRAFT

Umfanekiso 9 Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukushintshanisa nge-CRAFT

Imiphumela etholwe yi-CRAFT ikhonjiswe kuThebula 2. Ngokusekelwe ezibalweni ezingenhla kungadwetshwa isakhiwo esisha nesithuthukisiwe esikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 10.

Ithebula 2: Ithebula elibonisa imiphumela

Umfanekiso 10 Isakhiwo esithuthukisiwe esikhiqizwe i-CRAFT

4.3 I-Algorithm Yokulandelana Engcono Kakhulu

Idatha yokufaka iyafana neye-CRAFT ngaphandle kokuthi ilandela isethi ehlukile yokuqhathanisa okuhlakaniphile. Ithebula lesi-3 libonisa imiphumela ethathwe esakhiweni esithuthukisiwe. Umfanekiso 11 ubonisa isakhiwo esithuthukisiwe sisebenzisa Ukulandelana Okuhle kakhulu.

Ithebula 3 Ithebula elibonisa imiphumela kusetshenziswa i-CRAFT