Ubuchwepheshe be-laser bungene ezimpilweni zabantu kuzo zonke izici, kodwa kunezinhlobo eziningi zamajeneretha e-laser, ngalinye linamaza ahlukene nezici ezihlukile, ngakho-ke izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza nazo zihlukile. Ngikholelwa ukuthi abantu abaningi bazizwa bebuhlungu bekhanda lapho bebhekene nezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamajeneretha e-laser. Ngakho-ke, le ndatshana ifingqa futhi ichaze izici nezindlela ezisebenzayo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamajeneretha we-laser ngayinye ngayinye.
Ngokwemithombo yezindaba ehlukene yokusebenza, amajeneretha e-laser ahlukaniswe abe yizinhlobo eziyisi-6: i-solid-state, igesi, udayi, i-Diode, i-fiber, namajeneretha e-electron laser amahhala. Phakathi kwazo, kunezigatshana eziningi ze-solid-state kanye ne-gas lasers. Ngaphandle kwama-electron lasers amahhala, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokusebenza zama-lasers ahlukahlukene ziyefana, okuhlanganisa umthombo wepompo, i-optical resonator kanye ne- gain medium.
I-Solid State Laser Generator
Kumajeneretha e-laser wesifunda esiqinile, ukukhanya kuvamise ukusetshenziswa njengomthombo wepompo, futhi ikristalu noma ingilazi engakhiqiza ukukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi i-working material. Impahla yenziwe nge-matrix kanye ne-ion ecushiwe. Impahla ye-matrix ihlinzeka ngobukhona obufanelekile nendawo yokusebenza ye-ion ecushiwe, futhi i-ion ecushiwe iqedela inqubo yokukhiqiza i-laser. Ama-ion asebenzayo asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ama-ion ensimbi eshintshashintshayo, njenge-chromium, i-cobalt, i-nickel namanye ama-ion kanye nama-ion ensimbi yomhlaba ayivelakancane, njengama-ion e-neodymium. Izibuko ezifakwe amafilimu e-dielectric zisetshenziswa njengezibuko ze-resonator, esinye sazo esiyisibuko esigcwele kanti esinye siyisibuko esiyisigamu. Uma usebenzisa ama-ion ahlukene acushiwe, izinto ezihlukile ze-matrix kanye namaza ahlukene okuvusa amaza okukhanya, kuzokhishwa ama-laser ahlukahlukene wamaza ahlukene.
Ukukhishwa kwe-laser wavelength yi-ruby laser generator ngu-694.3nm, futhi izinga lokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric liphansi, kuphela i-0.1%. Kodwa-ke, impilo yayo ye-fluorescent yinde, evumela ukugcinwa kwamandla, futhi ingakhipha amandla aphezulu wokushaya kwenhliziyo. I-laser ekhiqizwe i-ruby rod enobukhulu bomgogodla wepeni nomunwe omude ingangena kalula eshidini lensimbi. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinhlelo ze-laser ze-YAG ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, amasistimu we-laser we-ruby ayesetshenziswa kabanzi ukusika kwe-laser kanye nokubhoboza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya okungu-694nm kudonswa kalula yi-melanin, ngakho-ke ama-laser we-ruby nawo asetshenziswa ekwelapheni izilonda ezinemibala (amabala esikhumba).
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zekristalu, i-Ti:Sapphire laser generator inobubanzi obuguqulekayo (okungukuthi, i-wavelength eshintshwayo), futhi ingakhipha ukukhanya ngobude begagasi obungu-660nm-1200nm njengoba kudingeka. Ngokuhambisana nokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe bokuphinda kabili imvamisa (okungaphinda kabili imvamisa yokukhanya, okungukuthi, ukuhhafula ubude begagasi), ububanzi begagasi bunganwetshwa bufinyelele ku-330nm-600nm. Amasistimu we-laser we-Titanium sapphire asetshenziswa ku-femto2nd spectroscopy, ucwaningo lwe-optics olungaqondile, ukukhiqizwa kokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-terahertz, njll., futhi anezinhlelo zokusebenza ebuhleni bezokwelapha.
I-YAG isifinyezo se-yttrium aluminium garnet, okuyi-laser crystal matrix enhle kakhulu okwamanje. Ngemuva kokufakwa nge-neodymium (Nd), ingakhipha 1064nm ukukhanya, namandla aphezulu aqhubekayo okukhiphayo angafinyelela ku-1000w. Ezinsukwini zakuqala, isibani segesi esingenagesi sasisetshenziswa njengomthombo wepompo, kodwa indlela yepompo yesibani se-flash inebanga elibanzi le-spectral, ukuqondana okungekuhle ne-spectrum yokumuncwa kwendlela yokuthola, kanye nomthwalo omkhulu oshisayo, okuholela esilinganisweni esiphansi sokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric. Ngakho manje usebenzisa i-LD (Laser Diode) ukupompa, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, nokuphila isikhathi eside kungafinyelelwa. Nd: Amajeneretha e-laser e-YAG angasetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-hemangioma futhi avimbele ukukhula kwesimila. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala okushisayo kwezicubu akukhethi. Ngenkathi ihlanganisa imithambo yegazi yesimila, amandla engeziwe azolimaza nezicubu ezizungezile ezivamile, futhi kulula ukushiya izibazi ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Ngakho-ke, i-laser ye-Nd:YAG isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlinzeni, ku-gynecology, kwe-ENT, nangaphansi kwe-dermatology.
I-Yb: YAG, Ytterbium (Yb) ifakwe ku-YAG, ekwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya okungu-1030nm. Ubude begagasi bephampu be-Yb:YAG bungu-941nm, obuseduze kakhulu nobude begagasi obuphumayo, obungakwazi ukufeza ukusebenza kahle kwe-pump quantum engu-91.4%, futhi ukushisa okukhiqizwa iphampu kucindezelwa ngaphakathi. 10% (iningi lamandla okufakwayo liguqulwa libe okukhipha amandla, ingxenye encane yawo eba ukushisa, kusho ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kuphezulu kakhulu), okungama-25% 30% kwe-Nd:YAG. I-Yb:YAG isiphenduke enye yemidiya ye-laser ekhanga kakhulu yesimo esiqinile, futhi amajeneretha e-laser we-LD-pumped high-power Yb:YAG asephenduke isizinda esisha socwaningo, futhi athathwa njengendawo yokuthuthuka esebenza kahle kakhulu, enamandla aphezulu abakhiqizi belaser besifunda inkombandlela enkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okubili okungenhla, i-YAG ingaphinda ifakwe i-holmium (Ho), i-erbium (Er), njll. I-Ho:YAG ikhiqiza ama-laser avikela amehlo angu-2097nm kanye nama-2091nm, ikakhulukazi okuxhumana okubonakalayo, i-radar nezinhlelo zezokwelapha. I-Er:YAG ekhipha ukukhanya okungu-2.9 μm, futhi umzimba womuntu unezinga eliphezulu lokumunca lale wavelength, onamandla amakhulu okusebenza okuhlinzwa nge-laser nokuhlinzwa kwemithambo.
I-Gas Laser Generator
Amajeneretha e-laser yegesi amasistimu e-laser asebenzisa igesi njengendlela yokuzuza, ngokuvamile empompa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Izinhlobo zamagesi zifaka amagesi e-athomu (i-helium-neon, i-ion yegesi ehloniphekile, nomhwamuko wensimbi), amagesi amangqamuzana (i-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide), amagesi e-excimer, futhi ahlinzekwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.
Ijeneretha ye-laser ye-HeNe (HeNe) isebenzisa ingxube engu-75% noma ngaphezulu Yena kanye no-15% noma ngaphansi kwe-Ne njengendlela yokuthola. Kuya ngendawo yokusebenza, ingakhipha okuluhlaza (543.5nm), okuphuzi (594.1nm), okuwolintshi (612.0nm), okubomvu (632.8nm) kanye nezinhlobo ezi-3 zokukhanya okuseduze kwe-infrared (1152nm, 1523nm kanye no-3391nm), lapho ukukhanya okubomvu okuvame ukusetshenziswa (632.8) kungu-XNUMX. Ukukhishwa kwe-beam okwenziwe yi-HeNe laser generator kunokusabalalisa kwe-Gaussian, futhi ikhwalithi ye-beam izinzile kakhulu. Nakuba amandla engekho phezulu, anokusebenza okuhle emkhakheni wokulinganisa ukunemba.
Amajeneretha egesi e-laser avamile ama-argon ions (Ar+) nama-krypton ions (Kr+). Izinga layo lokuguqulwa kwamandla lingafinyelela ku-0.6%, futhi lingakwazi ngokuqhubekayo nangokuzinza amandla okukhipha angu-30-50w isikhathi eside, futhi ubude bayo bokuphila budlula i-1000h. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekubonisweni kwe-laser, i-Raman spectroscopy, i-holoography, i-nonlinear optics neminye imikhakha yocwaningo, kanye nokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlukaniswa kombala okuphrintayo, ukucubungula impahla ye-metrology kanye nokucutshungulwa kolwazi.
Amajeneretha e-metal vapor laser athatha umhwamuko wethusi njengesibonelo. Ijeneretha ye-laser ye-vapor vapor ikakhulukazi ikhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza (510.5nm) nokukhanya okuphuzi (578.2nm), okungafinyelela amandla amaphakathi angu-100w namandla aphezulu angu-100kw. Indawo yayo eyinhloko yesicelo ingumthombo wepompo wamajeneretha we-laser odayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasetshenziselwa ukuthwebula izithombe ze-flash ngesivinini esikhulu, i-TV ekhombisa isikrini esikhulu kanye nokucubungula izinto.
Ijeneretha ye-laser yamangqamuzana e-nitrogen isebenzisa i-nitrogen njengesisetshenziswa sokuzuza, esingakhipha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okungu-337.1 nm, 357.7 nm no-315.9 nm, futhi amandla aphakeme angafinyelela ku-45kw. Ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanya wephampu wamajeneretha we-laser odayi wemvelo, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlukaniseni nge-laser ye-isotopes, ukuxilongwa kwe-fluorescence, ukuthwebula izithombe ngesivinini esikhulu, ukutholwa kokungcola, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezempilo, kanye nokuzalanisa ezolimo. Ngenxa yokuthi ubude bayo begagasi obufushane kulula ukugxila kuzo ukuze uthole indawo encane, bungasetshenziswa futhi ukucubungula izingxenye ze-sub-micron.
Indlela yokuthola esetshenziswa ku- CO2 ijeneretha ye-laser i-carbon dioxide exutshwe ne-helium ne-nitrogen, engakhipha ukukhanya okukude kwe-infrared okugxile ku-9.6 μm no-10.6 μm wamaza wamaza. Ijeneretha inezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwamandla, amandla okukhiphayo angasukela kuma-watts amaningana ukuya emashumini ezinkulungwane zama-watts, futhi izinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-beam lenza CO2 Ijeneretha ye-laser esetshenziswa kabanzi ekucutshungulweni kwezinto, ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukuvikela izwe kanye nemithi. Nizohlangana ezahlukene CO2 laser bezihlahla futhi abaqophi be-laser ngokuqopha nokusika izinkuni, i-MDF, iplywood, indwangu, isikhumba, ingilazi, ipulasitiki, ne-acrylic empilweni yakho yansuku zonke nasebhizinisini.
Ama-excimers ama-molecule angazinzile agcwele ingxube yamagesi ahlukahlukene ahloniphekile namagesi e-halogen ku-resonator ukuze akhiqize ama-lasers amaza ahlukene. Injabulo ivamise ukuzuzwa ngemishayo ye-electron relativistic (amandla angaphezu kuka-200 keV) noma ngokukhishwa kwe-pulse okusheshayo okunqamulayo. Lapho amabhondi emolekyuli angazinzile we-excimer yesimo esijabulile ephulwa futhi ehlukaniswa abe ama-athomu ombuso ophansi, amandla esimo esijabulile akhululwa ngendlela yemisebe ye-laser. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha, ukuxhumana optical, isibonisi semiconductor, inzwa kude, izikhali laser kanye neminye imikhakha.
Ijeneretha ye-laser yamakhemikhali iwuhlobo olukhethekile lwesistimu ye-laser yegesi esebenzisa amandla akhishwe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuthola ukuguqulwa kwenombolo yezinhlayiyana. Iningi lawo lisebenza kumodi yoguquko lwamangqamuzana, futhi ububanzi obujwayelekile be-wavelength busendaweni eseduze ye-infrared ukuya kwemaphakathi ne-infrared spectral. Okubaluleke kakhulu amadivaysi e-hydrogen fluoride (HF) kanye ne-deuterium fluoride (DF). Owokuqala ungakhipha imigqa ye-spectral engaphezu kwe-15 phakathi kwama-microns angu-2.6 no-3.3; lena yakamuva inemigqa engaba ngu-25 ye-spectral phakathi kwama-microns angu-3.5 no-4.2. Zombili izisetshenziswa okwamanje ziyakwazi ukukhipha ama-megawatt amaningi. Ngenxa yamandla ayo amakhulu, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ebunjiniyela bezikhali zenuzi nasezinkundleni zempi.
I-Dye Laser Generator
Amajeneretha we-laser odayi asebenzisa udayi wemvelo njenge-laser medium, ngokuvamile isixazululo esiwuketshezi. Amajeneretha e-laser edayi ngokuvamile angasetshenziswa ebangeni elibanzi lamaza amaza kunemidiya ye-laser yezwe elinegesi kanye ne-solid state. Umkhawulokudonsa wabo obanzi ubenza bafaneleke ikakhulukazi amajeneretha e-laser aguqulekayo kanye nama-pulsed. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yempilo yayo emfishane emaphakathi namandla okukhiphayo alinganiselwe, ngokuyisisekelo ithathelwa indawo ama-laser esimo esiqinile esisebenza ngamaza njenge-titanium sapphire.
I-Diode Laser Generator
Ijeneretha ye-laser ye-Diode iyisistimu ye-laser esebenzisa izinto ze-semiconductor njengento esebenzayo. Kunezindlela ezi-3 zokuvusa: umjovo kagesi, ukuvuswa kwe-electron beam kanye nokumpompa optical. Usayizi omncane, intengo ephansi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, impilo ende yesevisi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, kungasetshenziswa kulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, ukuphrinta kwe-laser, i-laser pointer, ukuxhumana optical, i-laser TV, i-laser projector encane, ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, i-optics ehlanganisiwe neminye imikhakha.
I-Fiber Laser Generator
I-fiber laser generator ibhekisela ohlotsheni lwesistimu ye-laser esebenzisa i-fiber element-doped glass fiber njengengxenye yokuzuza. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekunyatheliseni kwensimbi nokungeyona eyensimbi, ukumaka, ukuqopha, ukumba, ukusika, ukuhlanza, ukushisela (ukubrazing, ukucisha amanzi, ukugqoka nokushisela okujulile), ezempi, ukuzivikela nokuvikeleka, imishini yezokwelapha, ingqalasizinda enkulu, futhi njengephampu yeminye imithombo ye-laser. Nizohlangana abaqophi be-fiber laser yemibhalo namaphethini enziwe umuntu uqobo, i-fiber laser cutters ukwenza insimbi, imishini yokuhlanza i-fiber laser ukususa ukugqwala, ukukhumula upende, nokususa ukugqwala, imishini yokushisela i-fiber laser amalunga ensimbi empilweni yakho.
I-Electron Laser Generator yamahhala
Ijeneretha ye-electron laser yamahhala iwuhlobo olusha lomthombo wemisebe ohambisana namandla aphezulu ohlukile kunejeneretha ye-laser evamile. Ayidingi igesi, uketshezi noma okuqinile njengempahla yokusebenza, kodwa iguqula ngokuqondile amandla e-kinetic we-electron enamandla amakhulu ibe amandla emisebe ahambisanayo. Ngakho-ke, kungabuye kubhekwe ukuthi into esebenzayo ye-free-electron laser generator ngama-electron amahhala. Inochungechunge lwezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu ezinjengamandla aphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ububanzi be-wavelength tuning kanye nesakhiwo sesikhathi se-ultra-short pulses. Ngaphandle kwayo, ayikho i-laser generator engaba nalezi zici ngesikhathi esisodwa. Inamathemba amakhulu emikhakheni yocwaningo lwe-physics, izikhali ze-laser, i-laser fusion, i-photochemistry, kanye nokuxhumana okubonakalayo.
