Ungawenza kanjani umshini we-CNC kusuka ku-Scratch for Beginners

Ukufunda ukwakha umshini we-CNC kusukela ekuqaleni kulula kunalokho ongase ucabange. Sihlukanise inqubo ye-DIY yaba uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezilula ukuzilandela zabaqalayo. Ukusuka ekuthengeni izingxenye kuya ekufakeni isofthiwe, umhlahlandlela wethu we-DIY uzokuhambisa endleleni yokwenza kalula owakho umshini we-CNC.

Yini umshini we-CNC?

Umshini we-CNC iyithuluzi lamandla elizenzakalelayo elisebenzisa uhlelo lwekhompuyutha ukulawula injini ukushayela izimbazo ezingu-3 zika-X, Y kanye no-Z ukuya emuva naphambili endleleni yamathuluzi ekhiqizwe isofthiwe ye-CAD/CAM ngokuvumelana nemiyalo yekhodi ye-G. Ekugcineni, ithuluzi elikusotha lokuphotha liqeda ukuqopha, ukusika nokugaya imiphumela.

Izinto Zokucatshangelwa

Uma kuziwa emishinini ye-CNC, wonke umuntu uzocabanga ngezindleko zayo eziphakeme kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okusenza sizizwe singenakulinganiswa ngakho. Eqinisweni, siyazi futhi sifunde i-CNC ngokwenza okulula futhi imishini ye-CNC ebiza kancane, okusisize ukuba sithuthuke kusukela kwabaqalayo ukuya kuchwepheshe kubuchwepheshe besimanje be-CNC. Ubunzima be-DIY umshini we-CNC busezindlekweni eziphakeme zemishini yomshini kanye nobunzima bomshini, futhi ukulungiselelwa nokusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe kulula. Ngemva kwenyanga ngifunda futhi ngicwaninga nge-CNC, nganquma ukuzakhela eyami imishini ye-CNC elawulwa yi-Mach3 ngisebenzisa izinto ezitholakala endaweni.

Ubunzima bokwakha: Kuphakathi.

Ubude besikhathi sokwakha: Izinsuku ze-16.

Amathuluzi e-DIY: Amabhentshi, ama-drill kagesi, amasaha esandla, amasampula okushaya, ompompi, ama-reamers, ama-caliper, ama-bender, nezikulufu.

Ukuqalisa

Lo mhlahlandlela umayelana nokudala umshini we-CNC osebenzayo onezici ezilandelayo.

1. Isakhiwo se-gantry sinokuzinza okuhle, ifomethi enkulu yokucubungula, i-compact and lightw8 desktop design, i-w8 ekhanyayo futhi kulula ukuyiphatha.

2. Ingasetshenziswa ukusika nokugaya i-PCB, i-PVC, i-acrylic, i-MDF, izinkuni, i-aluminium, nethusi.

3. Ukunemba kwayo komshini kungafinyelela ku-0.1 mm, okungahlangabezana nezidingo zamabhodi amaningi e-PCB, isikhunta, izitembu nezimpawu.

4. Izindleko zayo zingaphansi $1,000, futhi ukuhlangana kulula futhi kulula.

5. Izingxenye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zingatholakala noma zithengwe endaweni, okunciphisa ukukhathazeka.

6. Inqubo ye-DIY ayidingi amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

7. Isilawuli se-Mach3, kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

8. I-spindle ishayelwa yi-steping motor enembayo ephezulu.

Ungakha Kanjani Isakhiwo Somshini we-CNC?

Lo mshini we-CNC wamukela isakhiwo se-gantry esingaguquki. Umshini wonke uhlukaniswe ngetafula lesisekelo, uhlaka lwe-gantry, inqola ye-X-axis, itafula lokusebenza le-Y-eksisi, kanye nenqola ye-axis engu-Z. I-drive stepping motor yethebula lokusebenza le-Y-axis igxilile epuletini elingezansi. , isikulufu, namabha abushelelezi angu-2 kanye ne-gantry njengomhlahlandlela wokuslayida wetafula le-Y-axis.

Ku-gantry, i-drive stepping motor yenqola ye-X-axis, isikulufu esiholayo namabha abushelelezi angu-2 asetshenziswa njengeziqondiso ezishelelayo zenqola ye-X-eksisi zilungisiwe. Enqoleni ye-X-axis kugxilwe injini yesitebhisi yokushayela yenqola ye-Z-axis, isikulufu esiholayo namabha abushelelezi angu-2 asetshenziswa njengeziqondiso ezislayidayo zenqola ye-Z-axis.

Kukhona abakaki bokulungisa abamise okwe-L kanye namasongo okugcina amise okuka-U ukuze alungise i-spindle enqoleni ye-axis engu-Z.

Inathi elimataniswe nesikulufu sokuhola lishiselwe enqoleni yezimbazo ezingu-X, Y kanye no-Z.

Indlela yokwenza i-CNC Machine Circuit?

Isekhethi iqukethe izingxenye ezi-3 ze-steping motor ezifanayo ze-X axis Y axis Z axis. Manje thatha i-X-eksisi njengekholomu ukukhombisa umgomo wayo wokusebenza.

I-Stepper Motor Driver Circuit ene-L297/L298

Isekethe yakhiwe ikakhulukazi ama-2 stepper motor anikezelwe amasekethe ahlanganisiwe we-L297 kanye ne-L298. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-L297 ukusatshalaliswa kwe-pulse. Ikhiqiza ama-pulses anengqondo okukhiphayo kumatheminali ayo okukhiphayo A, B, C, no-D ukushayela i-L298. I-L297 futhi inama-chopper angu-2 e-PWM okulawula isigaba sokuvunguza samanje futhi ibone isilawuli samanje se-chopper esiqhubekayo ukuze uthole izici ezinhle zefrikhwensi ye-torque.

I-X-axis pulse esuka ku-HDR1 (pin 2) ingena EZWENI (pin 18) ye-U1 (L297) futhi icutshungulwa yi-U1 kumatheminali ayo okukhiphayo A, B, C, D, C (pins 4, 6, 7, 9) ukuze kukhiqizwe I-Pulse logic ephumayo ingena ku-U2 (L298) ku-terminal H2, ukushayela ibhuloho eliphindwe kabili le-3 13, kanye ne-14) ukukhipha ama-pulses wesinyathelo ukushayela i-stepper motor ukuze ijikeleze.

I-L298 iyi-dual H-bridge high voltage kanye namandla aphezulu amanje ahlanganiswe umshayeli wesekethe.

I-L297 ne-L298 isetshenziselwa ukwakha uhlelo oluphelele lokushayela, olungashayela ama-motor stepper angu-2 nge-voltage ephezulu ye-46V kanye ne-current ye-2A ngesigaba ngasinye.

I-SYNC (iphinikhodi 1) ye-U1 iphinikhodi yokuvumelanisa exhunywe kuphinikhodi 1 ye-U3 ne-U5 ukuze kutholakale ukuvumelanisa kwama-L297 amaningi.

Ibhodi Lokulawula Abashayeli Bezimoto ze-Stepper

I-ENABLE (iphinikhodi 10) ye-U1 inika amandla iphinikhodi yokulawula ukulawula i-logic yokuphumayo. Uma iphansi, i-INH1, INH2, A, B, C, D bonke baphoqeleka ukuba babe sezingeni eliphansi ukuze benze umshayeli we-L298 angasebenzi. UKULAWULA (pin 11) kusetshenziselwa ukukhetha isilawuli se-chopper. Uma izinga liphansi, isignali ye-chopper isebenza ku-INH1, INH2, futhi uma izinga eliphezulu, isignali ye-chopper isebenza kumasiginali A, B, C, D. Eyokuqala ifanele imodi yokusebenza yesiteji esisodwa futhi izindlela ezi-2 zingasetshenziselwa isitebhisi semoto yemodi yokusebenza ye-bipolar.

I-VREF (iphinikhodi 15) ye-S1U1 iyiphinikhodi yokulungisa i-voltage eyireferensi, futhi i-voltage yale phinikhodi iyalungiswa ukuze kusethwe umthamo ophakeme wamanje wokujika kwesigaba se-stepper motor.

I-Stepper Motor Driver Kits

I-cw/ccw (iphinikhodi 17) ye-U1 iyiphinikhodi yokucacisa isiqondiso sokuzungezisa se-X-axis stepper motor, kanye nesiginali ecacisayo ye-X-eksisi esuka ku-HDR1 (iphinikhodi 6) ixhunywe kule phini.

I-HALF/FULL (pin 19) iyiphinikhodi yokulawula imodi ejabulisayo. Uma iphezulu isuke iyi-half-step drive mode, kanti uma iphansi isuke iyisinyathelo esigcwele sokushayela. I-RESET (iphinikhodi engu-20) iyisiginali yokusetha kabusha engavumelanisiwe, futhi umsebenzi wayo ukusetha kabusha i-pulse distributor.

I-D3-D26 yi-freewheeling diode ye-H-bridge yomshayeli we-L298.

Ungayisetha kanjani isilawuli se-Mach3 CNC?

I-Mach3 iyisilawuli se-CNC esisetshenziswa kakhulu semishini ye-CNC. Ukufakwa kwayo kulula. Okokuqala, faka ikhadi elinyakazayo le-Mach3 ebhodini lomama lekhompyutha. Kusistimu yokusebenza ye-Windows, umshayeli we-Mach3 uzofakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ikhithi yesilawuli se-USB Mach3 3 Axis CNC

Ungaphinda ukhethe i-DSP, NcStudio, Mach4, Syntec, OSAI, Siemens, LNC, FANUC, nezinye izilawuli ze-CNC.

Ungayifaka kanjani futhi usebenzise isoftware ye-CAD/CAM?

Isofthiwe evame kakhulu ye-CAD/CAM yemishini ye-CNC ihlanganisa i-Type3, ArtCAM, Cabinet Vision, CorelDraw, UG, MeshCAM, Solidworks, AlphaCAM, MasterCAM, UcanCAM, CASmate, PowerMILL, Aspire, Alibre, AutoCAD, Fusion360, Autodesk Inventor, Rhinoceros 3D, engakwazi ukuklama 2D/3D imidwebo ukukhiqiza izindlela zamathuluzi omshini.

Isoftware ye-CAD/CAM

Ungawahlanganisa kanjani amakhithi womshini we-CNC?

Itafula elingezansi, inqola ye-X-axis, i-Y-axis worktable, kanye ne-Z-axis inqola yenziwe umshini ogobayo ono-1.5-2mm amapuleti ensimbi abandayo, angaqinisekisa ukunemba okuhle kakhulu kwemishini. Uma kungekho ama-benders, kungabuye kugotshwe ngesandla ngesando sesandla ku-vise enkulu. Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwesando ngesandla, insimbi yephedi kufanele yengezwe endaweni yokusebenza ukuze ugweme ukushiya izimpawu zesando endaweni yokusebenza. Ngemuva kokugoba, ukubunjwa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka. Azikho izindiza ezisontekile futhi zakha i-engeli engama-degree angama-90 kwenye. Ukuze uqinisekise ukuma okufanelekile kokubhoboza, indawo yenaliti yokubhala ehambisanayo futhi eqondile kumugqa wokuqala wokubhala kufanele ibe mncane, umugqa wokubhala kufanele ube onembile, futhi isokhethi yokubeka isampula ye-punch kufanele iqaphele futhi inembile.

CNC Machine Kits

Isibonelo, shaya imbobo enobubanzi obungu-6 mm ngezikhathi ezi-2. Okokuqala, sebenzisa i-drill engu-4 mm ububanzi ukuze ubhoboze imbobo. Thola ukuthi imbobo yobubanzi obungu-4 mm inembile ngokomugqa wokuma ophambanayo. Uma ingalungile, sebenzisa ifayela lensimu ehlukahlukene ukuyilungisa. , futhi ekugcineni akhiphe kabusha imbobo nge 6mm drill bit, ukuze iphutha lendawo yembobo libe lincane uma kuqhathaniswa.

I-gantry ingasikwa ngesaha lesandla kusuka ku-iron keel ye-anti-static floor enogqinsi oluyi-1.2mm ngokomdwebo, futhi ingagotshwa, icutshungulwe futhi ibunjwe ku-vise. Ibha yokukhanya esetshenziswa njengomzila wesitimela we-X, Y, Z 3-axis idinga indawo ebushelelezi enobubanzi obushelelezi obungu-8-10mm. Ingaxazululwa ngokudiliza umzila wesilayidi wephrinta ye-matrix yamachashazi esetshenzisiwe kanye nerola yerabha eyinki kukhatriji yephrinta ye-laser endala. Amabha abushelelezi angu-2 ohlangothini ngalunye kufanele abe nobude obulinganayo futhi ubuso bokugcina kufanele bube flat. Geza izimbobo maphakathi nendawo ekugcineni ukuze uthephe intambo engu-M5, futhi uzilungise ngazo 5mm amabhawodi. Umsebenzi kufanele ube ovundlile futhi mpo, ikakhulukazi amabha okukhanya angu-2 ohlangothini ngalunye kufanele abe ngokuphelele Ukuhambisana kubaluleke kakhulu, kunquma impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kokukhiqiza.

Isikulufu esiholayo sezimbazo ezi-3 yisikulufu sokuhola esinobubanzi be- 6mm kanye ne-pitch ye 1mm. Lesi sikulufu somthofu singasetshenziselwa ukusika ubude obudingekayo kusukela kusikulufa somthofu eside esithengiswa esitolo sezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ukuze kuhlobise usilingi. Ukumelana nokuvunyelwa kufanele kube kuncane, futhi i-nati ihlanganiswe emgodini ohambisanayo wenqola ukuze kuncishiswe i-backlash futhi kuthuthukiswe ukunemba komshini wokudweba.

Umkhono oslayidayo uyisixhumi sepayipi yethusi esithengwe esitolo sehardware. Kudingeka ukukhetha i-diameter engaphakathi ibe mncane kancane kunobubanzi bebha eslayidayo, bese usebenzisa i-reamer manual ukusonta i-diameter engaphakathi ukuze ifane kahle nebha eslayidayo. Uma kunesidingo, pholisha i-axis ye-optical nge-sandpaper ye-metallographic, usike umkhono oslayidayo ube yizigaba ezibude obungu-6 mm, ingqikithi yezigaba eziyi-12, bese usebenzisa insimbi enamandla amakhulu ukuze uyidayise embotsheni ehambisanayo yekalishi. Ungabeki umkhono oshelelayo ngesikhathi sokushisela. Uma i-solder ingena ngaphakathi, sebenzisa i-zinc chloride njenge-flux ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-soldering. Lapho uhlanganisa, qaphela ukuthi ukumelana kwetafula lokushelela kuncane futhi kuhambisana. Uma ukumelana kukhulu, umkhono we-sliding ungashiswa kabusha nge-soldering iron ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo.

I-shaft ye-stepper motor kanye ne-screw rod ixhunywe ngeshubhu yethusi ye-a 6mm ububanzi benduku ethi. I-screw rod kanye neshubhu yethusi zishiselwe ngokuqinile futhi ziqinisekiswa ukuthi zigxile. Omunye umkhawulo weshubhu yethusi ufakwa ku-stepper motor shaft, bese ubhobozwa ngokuvundlile. Iphinikhodi ifakwa embotsheni encane ukuze ilungiswe, kanti enye ingxenye yesikulufu ishuthelwa ngenadi ekalishini.

Lo mshini we-CNC ungalawulwa ngokuguquguqukayo ngokuya ngobukhulu nobukhulu bezinto zawo, kodwa wonke umshini akufanele ube mkhulu kakhulu ukuze ugweme ukuqina okubuthakathaka.

Ungawusebenzisa kanjani umshini we-CNC?

Ngaphambi kokwenza imishini ye-CNC, uhlu lwezinhlelo zemishini kufanele lulungiswe kusenesikhathi:

1. Thola inqubo yokucubungula yengxenye namathuluzi kanye nesivinini sokusika esisetshenziselwa ukucubungula.

2. Nquma indawo yokuxhumana yekhonta yengxenye.

3. Setha isikhundla sokuqala nokuvala ummese kanye nendawo yemvelaphi yokuxhumanisa.

Bhala imiyalelo yokulawula izinombolo ngokwefomethi yesitatimende esinqunyiwe, faka imiyalelo esethwe edivayisini yokulawula izinombolo ukuze icutshungulwe (ukukhipha ikhodi, ukusebenza, njll.), khulisa isignali ngomjikelezo wokushayela, shayela i-servo motor ukuze ukhiphe ukugudluka kwe-angular kanye nesivinini se-angular, bese uguqula izingxenye ngokusebenzisa ingxenye yokwenza. Ukugudluzwa komugqa kwethebula lokusebenza kuyabonakala ukuze kubonakale ukuphakelwa.

Ake siqale ukusebenzisa umshini we-CNC ngezinyathelo eziyi-9 njengokulandelayo.

Isinyathelo 1. CNC Programming.

Ngaphambi komshini, uhlelo lwe-CNC kufanele luhlaziywe futhi luhlanganiswe kuqala. Uma uhlelo lude noma luyinkimbinkimbi. Ungahleli emshinini we-CNC, kodwa sebenzisa umshini wokuhlela noma ukuhlelwa kwekhompyutha, bese wenza isipele ohlelweni lwe-CNC lomshini we-CNC nge-floppy disk noma isixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana. Lokhu kungagwema ukusebenzisa isikhathi somshini futhi kwandise isikhathi esiyisizayo somshini.

Isinyathelo sesi-2. Vula Umshini.

Ngokuvamile, amandla amakhulu avuliwe kuqala, ukuze umshini we-CNC ube nezimo zokuvula amandla. Qala isistimu ye-CNC ngenkinobho yokhiye futhi ithuluzi lomshini livuliwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi i-CRT yesistimu yokulawula ye-CNC ibonisa ulwazi. Isimo sokuxhuma se-clam nezinye izinto ezisizayo.

Isinyathelo sesi-3. Setha Iphoyinti Lereferensi Eliqinile.

Ngaphambi komshini, sungula i-datum yokunyakaza ye-coordinate ngayinye yomshini. Lesi sinyathelo kufanele senziwe okokuqala ngomshini wohlelo lokulawula ukwanda.

Isinyathelo 4. Qala i-CNC Programming.

Ngokusho kwendlela yohlelo (i-tape, idiski), ingafakwa ngomshini we-tape, umshini wokuhlela noma ukuxhumana kwe-serial. Uma kuwuhlelo olulula, lungafakwa ngokuqondile kuphaneli yokulawula ye-CNC ngekhibhodi, noma ingxenye yokufaka ngesegimenti kumodi ye-MDI ukuze kucutshungulwe isegimenti ekude. Ngaphambi komshini, umsuka wocezu, imingcele yamathuluzi, i-offset, namanani ahlukahlukene esinxephezelo nawo kufanele afakwe ohlelweni.

Isinyathelo 5. Ukuhlela Uhlelo.

Uma uhlelo olufakiwe ludinga ukushintshwa, inkinobho yokukhetha imodi yokusebenza kufanele ibekwe endaweni yokuhlela. Sebenzisa ukhiye wokuhlela ukuze wengeze, ususe, futhi ushintshe.

Isinyathelo 6. Ukuhlola Uhlelo & Ukulungisa iphutha.

Okokuqala, vala ithuluzi lomshini bese usebenzisa uhlelo kuphela. Lesi sinyathelo ukuhlola uhlelo. Uma kukhona iphutha, lidinga ukuhlelwa futhi.

Isinyathelo sesi-7. Ukulungisa nokuqondisa ucwecwe.

Lungisa futhi uqondanise ucezu lokusebenza oluzocutshungulwa, bese usungula ibhentshimakhi. Indlela isebenzisa ukunyakaza okwenziwa ngesandla, ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo noma ukunyakaza kwamasondo okwenziwa ngesandla kwethuluzi lomshini. Setha indawo yokuqala ekuqaleni kohlelo, bese usetha ireferensi yethuluzi.

Isinyathelo 8. Qala CNC Machining.

Ukwenza imishini eqhubekayo ngokuvamile kusebenzisa izengezo zohlelo kumemori. Izinga lokuphakelayo kumishini ye-CNC lingalungiswa ngokushintsha kwesilinganiso sokuphakelayo. Ngesikhathi somshini, inkinobho yokubamba okuphakelayo ingacindezelwa ukuze kumiswe ukunyakaza kokuphakelayo ukuze ubuke isimo sokucubungula noma ukwenza ukulinganisa okwenziwa ngesandla. Cindezela inkinobho yokuqala umjikelezo futhi ukuze uqalise kabusha ukwenza imishini. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitsha silungile, kufanele sihlolwe kabusha ngaphambi kokwengeza. Ngesikhathi sokugaya, izingcezu eziyisicaba ezigobile, ipensela ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sethuluzi lokudweba uhlaka lwengxenye ephepheni, enembile. Uma isistimu inomzila wamathuluzi, umsebenzi wokulingisa ungasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukulunga kohlelo.

Isinyathelo 9. Vala Umshini.

Ngemuva kokungeza, ngaphambi kokuvala amandla, qaphela ukuhlola isimo somshini we-CNC kanye nendawo yengxenye ngayinye yomshini. Vala amandla omshini kuqala, bese uvala amandla esistimu, bese uvala amandla amakhulu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ukuqapha

Ukuthi uyakha Irutha ye-CNC ethengekayo, noma ukwenza isabelomali esingcono kakhulu somshini we-lathe we-CNC, ngisho nokusebenza ne-DIY umshini wokugaya we-CNC oshibhile, isexwayiso sokuqala ukunikezwa kwamandla omshini we-CNC. Kunamamotho okunyathela ama-1 kanye ne-spindle motor eyodwa emshinini. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje umshini we-CNC mkhulu kakhulu ohlelweni lokusebenzisa. Lapho uthenga ugesi we-DC, ugesi we-DC onesilinganiso samanje esikhudlwana kufanele uthenge. Isinqumo sejubane lemoto yokuphotha amandla kagesi kagesi we-DC. Lapho i-voltage iphakeme, isivinini esiphezulu se-spindle singashintsha ngokushesha, ngakho-ke i-voltage ayikwazi ukuba yincane kakhulu.

Kafushane, ngiphakamisa ukuthi i-voltage elinganiselwe yomshini we-CNC ozenzele yona icishe ibe ngu-30V futhi yamanje elinganiselwe okungenani 10A ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile komshini. I-voltage ye-30V isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-spindle motor, futhi i-stepper motor ayidingi i-voltage ephezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi i-stepper motor iqhutshwa isikulufa, i-torque isengaba nkulu ngisho ne-voltage encane. Ngakho-ke ngiphakamisa ukuthi i-12V kuphela yanele ku-voltage enikezwe i-stepper motor. I-stepper motor isebenzisa i-12V, kodwa i-voltage enikezwa amandla kagesi we-DC ingu-30V. Lapha, i-transformer idinga ukusetshenziswa. Amandla ale transformer kufanele abe phezulu. I-current of the 3 stepper motors kumele idlule kule transformer. Ukushisa kokushisa kwe-transformer akukwazi ukuqhubeka, okuholela ekukhiqizeni ukushisa okukhulu.